Which of the following is NOT one of the three management tools for vertebrate pest control?

The correct answer is that traps are not considered one of the three primary management tools for vertebrate pest control. The established framework for managing vertebrate pests typically includes cultural controls, repellents, and population control.

Cultural controls involve altering the environment to make it less conducive to pest infestation. This can include practices like crop rotation, habitat modification, or sanitation measures.

Repellents are substances used to deter pests from entering an area or damaging crops. They work by making the environment less appealing to the targeted vertebrate species.

Population control refers to methods aimed at reducing the overall numbers of a pest species, which can include various techniques such as hunting, translocation, or fertility control.

Though traps can play a role in managing pest populations, they are more of a specific tool or method rather than a category of pest management strategy. Therefore, they do not fit within the three primary management tools defined for vertebrate pest control.